一、投资意向书与基础条款
(一)Term Sheet的法律性质
商业目的:投融资双方就核心交易条款达成的初步共识文件,核心价值在于提高谈判效率、明确交易框架、降低交易成本。
| 法域 | 法律性质 | 要点 |
|---|---|---|
| 中国法 | 依内容具体程度,可能构成磋商性文件、预约合同或本约合同(《民法典》合同编) | 应明确约定哪些条款具有法律约束力(保密、排他期、费用承担);缔约过失责任 |
| 香港法 | LOI/MOU通常视为non-binding,除非明确约定 | 法院根据措辞和双方意图判断;常见binding条款:confidentiality、exclusivity、governing law |
起草要点
建议在文档开头明确声明”本条款清单除保密、排他期、费用承担外,其他条款对双方均不具有法律约束力。”
Sample Term Sheet
“This Term Sheet is not a legally binding agreement between the Investor and the Company, except for the sections regarding ‘cost’ and ‘no shop’…Prior to the execution and delivery of the definitive documentation, the Investor shall have the absolute right to terminate all negotiations for any reason without liability whatsoever.”
(二)陈述与保证条款(Representations & Warranties)
商业目的:解决信息不对称问题的核心法律工具,融资方对公司各方面情况作出真实、准确、完整的陈述与保证。
| 法域 | 要点 |
|---|---|
| 中国法 | 核心事项:主体资格、股权结构、财务税务、知识产权、重大合同、诉讼仲裁;赔偿期限通常12-24个月,重大事项可延长至3-5年 |
| 香港法 | 分为fundamental warranties(title, capacity, authority,通常不设赔偿上限)和business warranties;Disclosure letter是重要抗辩工具;tax warranties可延长至6-7年 |
Sample Term Sheet
标准陈述保证事项(jointly and severally):(a) organization and good standing; (b) capitalization structure; (c) due authorization; (d) valid stock issuances; (e) governmental consents and licenses; (f) no adverse litigation; (g) ownership of IP; (h) disclosure agreements with key employees; (i) full disclosure; (j) accuracy of business plan; (k) good title to assets; (l) tax returns and records; (m) accuracy of financial statements; (n) absence of adverse developments; (o) material contracts.
(三)交割条件与交割后承诺(Closing Conditions & Covenants)
商业目的:交割先决条件是投资方支付投资款前必须满足的条件,保护投资方利益、降低交易风险。
| 法域 | 要点 |
|---|---|
| 中国法 | 常见条件:政府审批、第三方同意、陈述保证持续真实、无重大不利变化、尽调满意、核心文件签署;交割后承诺包括积极承诺(维持正常经营)和消极承诺(不得对外担保) |
| 香港法 | CP包括:corporate approvals、regulatory approvals、no MAC、warranties true and correct、no litigation;MAC clause建议明确量化标准 |
Sample Term Sheet Conditions Precedent
(1) All required approvals and consents from existing shareholders and relevant parties (board approvals, SAFE registration); (2) Due diligence satisfactory to Investor; (3) Bank accounts established as co-signing accounts; (4) Agreement on business plan and budget; (5) Internal approvals by Investor; (6) Execution of definitive documentation; (7) Requisite legal opinions.
(四)赔偿条款(Indemnification)
商业目的:与陈述保证条款联动,为投资方提供实质性救济途径。
| 法域 | 要点 |
|---|---|
| 中国法 | 赔偿范围:直接损失、间接损失、律师费、诉讼费;通常设定赔偿上限(投资金额100%-200%)和单项赔偿下限 |
| 香港法 | Indemnity与damages有区别:indemnity不受mitigation原则限制;常见条款:liability cap(通常purchase price的100%)、de minimis threshold、basket/deductible、time limit;tax indemnity通常单独约定 |
二、股权权利保护机制
(一)优先认购权与优先受让权(Preemptive Right & ROFR)
| 法域 | 要点 |
|---|---|
| 中国法 | 股东向股东以外的人转让股权,其他股东在同等条件下有优先购买权(《公司法》);江苏高院2024年典型案例明确”同等条件”判定标准 |
| 开曼法 | 非statutory rights,须通过M&AA或Shareholders’ Agreement明确约定;常见设计:mandatory pre-emption rights(按比例认购)、negotiated pre-emption rights(超额认购权);行使期限通常15-30天 |
Sample Term Sheet
“RCPS-A holders will have the right of first refusal to subscribe its pro rata portion of any future issue of shares by the Company and the right of first refusal to purchase its pro rata portion of any shares proposed to be transferred by the shareholders of the Company, in each case calculated on a fully-diluted and as-converted basis.”
(二)共同出售权与领售权(Tag-along & Drag-along)
| 条款 | 商业目的 | 中国法 | 香港法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tag-along | 保护小股东:大股东转让时,小股东有权按比例共同出售 | 行使条件:控股股东拟转让或转让将导致丧失控制权 | Contractual rights,通过SHA明确约定 |
| Drag-along | 保护大股东:大股东决定出售时,可强制小股东一同出售 | 触发条件:特定股东或约定股比以上股东同意、出售价格不低于本轮估值X倍、第三方为善意 | 通常要求majority(75%)批准、minimum price threshold |
Sample Term Sheet Drag-along
“All existing shareholders will be required to…vote their shares in favor of any transaction involving sale of all or substantially all of the equity or assets or business of the Company which has been approved by the holders of at least two thirds of the then issued and outstanding RCPS-A and the holders of at least two thirds of the then issued and outstanding ordinary shares.”
(三)认股权证与转股限制(Warrant & Transfer Restrictions)
| 法域 | 要点 |
|---|---|
| 中国法 | 认股权证:合同约定权利;创始团队转股限制:锁定期(通常1-2年)、优先受让权与共同出售权、转让批准 |
| 香港法 | Warrants是common law instruments,条款包括exercise price、exercise period、adjustment provisions;香港private company股权转让需board批准(Companies Ordinance Section 151) |
Sample Term Sheet
“The Founder may not, directly or indirectly, transfer, assign, encumber or otherwise dispose of any shares of the Company beneficially owned by such Founder for a period of 48 months from the Closing without the prior written approval of the Investor.”
三、反稀释与控制权
(一)反稀释条款(Anti-dilution)
商业目的:在Down Round时保护投资人股权价值不被不当稀释。
两种机制对比(假设:A轮投资1000万,每股10元;B轮每股5元):
| 完全棘轮(Full Ratchet) | 加权平均(Weighted Average) | |
|---|---|---|
| 机制 | 所有老股成本拉至最低价 | 综合考虑低价幅度和新发行数量 |
| 计算 | 调整后持股 = 1000万/5 = 200万股(+100万股) | 调整后价格 ≈ 6元,持股 ≈ 166.67万股(+66.67万股) |
| 评价 | 剧毒——创始人股权可能被稀释90%以上 | 苦口良药——相对温和 |
谈判要点:
- 明确触发条件(如估值下降超过30%)
- 设置触发底限,避免轻微估值波动即触发
- 约定例外情形(员工期权行权、可转债转换不触发)
- 争取加权平均而非完全棘轮
- 优先接受广义加权平均(Broad-based),避免狭义加权平均(Narrow-based)
Sample Term Sheet Anti-dilution(完全棘轮示例)
“In the event that the Company issues additional equity securities at a price less than the then-effective conversion price, the conversion price shall be reduced to a price equal to the issue price per share of such new issuance, except for issuances (i) pursuant to the ESOP; (ii) upon conversion of RCPS-A or upon exercise of outstanding options or warrants; or (iii) in connection with any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization or similar transaction.”
(二)投票权与保护性条款(Voting Rights & Protective Provisions)
| 法域 | 要点 |
|---|---|
| 中国法 | 股东会层面(修改章程、增减注册资本、合并分立解散、出售全部资产);董事会层面(改变董事会人数、任免高管、年度预算、对外担保、关联交易);ofo案例警示:部分投资人过度使用一票否决权导致公司决策难以推进 |
| 开曼法 | Contractual rights,通过M&AA或SHA约定;常见事项:amendments to constitutional documents、change in share capital、issuance of senior securities、merger or consolidation、sale of substantial assets、incurrence of indebtedness above threshold;Special resolution需2/3以上股东批准 |
Sample Term Sheet Protective Provisions(17项)
至少半数A类优先股持有人事先书面同意方可实施:变更主营业务、出售全部或大部分资产或商誉、增减注册资本、发行新证券、利润分配、任命VP级以上高管、修改员工期权计划、修改会计政策/财务年度、变更审计师、单笔超50万或年度累计超200万的投资或借贷、知识产权处分、清算/合并/重组、修改章程、关联交易、超50万股权投资、稀释子公司股权、批准股份转让。
四、投资人退出保障
(一)回赎权(Redemption Right)
商业目的:投资人在目标公司未能实现预期发展目标时的”保底退出”通道。
| 法域 | 要点 |
|---|---|
| 中国法 | 触发条件:上市失败、业绩不达标、重大违约、重大不利变化;年化收益率通常8%-15%;《九民纪要》:投资方与股东对赌有效且可履行;投资方与公司对赌有效,但需履行减资程序才能实际履行 |
| 开曼法 | 需通过Articles授权(Companies Act Section 37);可从profits、share premium或fresh issue proceeds中支付;从capital中支付需通过solvency test;公司无法支付时投资人可申请liquidation |
Sample Term Sheet Redemption
“At any time after 48 months from the Closing Date, each holder of RCPS-A shall be entitled to request the Company to redeem all…at a price equal to the greater of (i) the Series A Issue Price at a rate of 15% compounded annual return plus all declared and unpaid dividends, or (ii) the fair market value of the RCPS-A determined by an independent third party appraising firm.”
(二)分红权与清算优先权(Dividend Preference & Liquidation Preference)
优先分红权维度:
| 维度 | 类型 | 效果 |
|---|---|---|
| 累积性 | 累积性 | 某年未分红,日后补足 |
| 非累积性 | 某年未分红,无权补足 | |
| 参与性 | 参与性 | 获优先分红后,还可按持股比例参与剩余分配 |
| 非参与性 | 仅获优先分红,不参与剩余分配 |
Sample Term Sheet
Dividend: “cumulative dividends at a rate of 8% per annum in preference to any dividend on ordinary shares…participating basis, dividends on the ordinary shares (on an as-if converted basis).” Liquidation Preference: “an amount equal to [150%] of the Series A Issue Price, plus any accrued but unpaid dividends…After the Series A Preference Amount has been paid in full, any remaining assets shall be distributed to the holders of ordinary shares and RCPS-A on a pro rata and as-converted basis.”(参与分配型 + 150%优先清算额)
清算优先权争议点:
- 视为清算事件的界定(控制权变更、资产出售、知识产权对外许可)
- 清算优先额上限(1倍、1.5倍或2倍)
- 双重分配(Double Dip):投资人先获优先清算额,再按持股比例参与剩余分配
| 法域 | 要点 |
|---|---|
| 中国法 | 公司财产在支付法定应付款项后,按股东股权比例分配(《公司法》) |
| 开曼法 | Liquidation preference需通过Articles授权 |
五、创始人约束机制
(一)股权兑现机制(Founder Vesting)
标准设计:4年兑现期 + 1年悬崖期
| 阶段 | 机制 |
|---|---|
| 悬崖期(Cliff,第1年) | 必须干满1年才能兑现25%;不满1年离职,全部股权以名义价格回购 |
| 分期兑现(第2-4年) | 剩余75%在36个月内按月或按季度逐步兑现 |
| 离职回购 | 未兑现股权以名义价格回购 |
Good Leaver vs Bad Leaver
Good Leaver(疾病、死亡或无原因被解雇):通常保留已兑现股权。 Bad Leaver(重大过失、欺诈或自愿离职):可能丧失全部股权(包括已兑现部分)。
Sample Term Sheet Vesting
“All shares held by the Founder shall vest 20% at the Closing, and shall vest at a rate of 1/48th of the remaining amount per month thereafter. In the event that the Founder’s continuous status as a service provider is terminated…without cause within 48 months upon the change of control of the Company, vesting of the shares held by the Founder will be fully accelerated.”(注意:Sample Term Sheet采用20%交割时兑现+48个月逐月兑现,且含控制权变更加速兑现条款)
(二)竞业禁止与知识产权归属(Non-compete & IP Assignment)
| 法域 | 竞业禁止要点 |
|---|---|
| 中国法 | 《劳动合同法》第23-24条:人员限于高管、高级技术人员和负有保密义务的人员;期限不超过2年;须按月给予经济补偿(离职前12个月平均工资的30%) |
| 香港法 | Post-termination restrictive covenants通常视为unenforceable,除非合理且必要保护legitimate business interests;法院考虑因素:商业秘密保护、员工seniority、限制期限合理性、地理范围;《基本法》保护个人选择职业自由 |
知识产权:职务发明创造的专利申请权属于单位(《专利法》第6条)。
Sample Term Sheet Non-compete
“The Founder shall make customary non-competition and non-solicitation undertakings for the period during which he holds directly or indirectly any shares of the Company and for a further period of 24 months thereafter. The Founder further covenants that he shall devote all of his working time to develop the business of the Company.”
(三)股权激励计划(ESOP)
| 要素 | 典型安排 |
|---|---|
| 期权池比例 | 10%-20%,由创始人代持或置于持股平台 |
| 授予对象 | 关键员工、核心技术人员、高管 |
| 行权价格 | 早期接近公允市场价值,随估值上升而提高 |
| 兑现计划 | 通常4年(1年悬崖),离职未行权期权通常作废 |
六、境内外法律异同总结
| 维度 | 中国法 | 香港法 | 开曼法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 核心特点 | 强调法定程序(减资、股东会决议);对赌需履行减资程序;竞业限制须付经济补偿 | 遵循Common Law原则;注重contractual freedom;Term Sheet通常non-binding;竞业限制需合理性审查 | 高度灵活;优先股权利通过M&AA约定;redemption需solvency test;无statutory pre-emption rights |
| Term Sheet | 可能构成预约合同 | 通常non-binding | — |
| 优先权 | 法定优先购买权/认购权 | Contractual only | 非statutory,须合同约定 |
| 对赌/回赎 | 与股东对赌有效可履行;与公司对赌须减资 | — | 须solvency test |
| 竞业限制 | 不超过2年,须补偿 | 合理性审查,通常unenforceable | — |
核心原则:投融资条款的本质是风险分配与利益平衡的工具。理解每个条款的商业逻辑与法律边界,注重条款的系统性、合法性与可操作性,在保护投资人利益与维护公司效率间取得平衡。